Immunotherapy in Type 1 Diabetes: Emerging Therapies and Future Directions

Abstract

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder
marked by the destruction of insulin-producing
pancreatic beta-cells. While insulin therapy remains the
standard of care, advancements in immunotherapy
present promising alternatives aimed at halting disease
progression and reducing insulin dependence. This brief
review highlights key immunomodulatory therapies,
including teplizumab, which has demonstrated the ability
to delay the onset of T1D, and rituximab, known for
preserving beta-cell function, though its effects tend to be
transient. Emerging treatments, such as stem-cell
therapies, also show potential. However, significant
challenges remain, including high costs, long-term safety
concerns, and the need for personalized care. As this
therapeutic landscape evolves, further research is critical
to optimizing these strategies and moving closer to a
potential cure for T1D.
Keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmunity,
immunotherapy, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody,
teplizumab,