Mirror Image or Molecular Mirage? Investigating Hormone Receptor Disconcordance in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases.

Authors

  • Qurat ul Ain Tariq Senior Instructor Neurosurgery, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre.
  • Eisha Abid Ali Medical Student, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore.
  • Noman Ahmed Resident Neurosurgery, Aga Khan University Hospital.
  • Saad-bin-Anis Consultant Neurosurgeon, Townsville University Hospital, Queensland Health.
  • Irfan Yousaf Consultant Neurosurgeon, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre6Professor
  • Muhammad Shahzad Shamim Professor of Neurosurgery, Aga Khan University Hospital

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.25-65

Abstract

Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) are a significant
clinical challenge, especially in aggressive subtypes like
HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. This
review discusses hormone receptor discordance, it’s
existence and contributing factors, the role of the bloodbrain
barrier (BBB) in metastatic progression, and
therapeutic modalities. While local treatments such as
surgery and radiotherapy remain foundational, advances
in systemic and immunotherapeutic approaches show
promising potential. A deeper understanding of
molecular mechanisms driving BCBM is essential to guide
effective treatments and improve patient outcomes.

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Published

2025-07-28

How to Cite

Qurat ul Ain Tariq, Eisha Abid Ali, Noman Ahmed, Saad-bin-Anis, Irfan Yousaf, & Muhammad Shahzad Shamim. (2025). Mirror Image or Molecular Mirage? Investigating Hormone Receptor Disconcordance in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 75(8), 1304–1306. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.25-65

Issue

Vol. 75 No. 8 (2025): AUGUST

Section

EVIDENCE BASED NEURO-ONCOLOGY

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.