Exploring the association between breastfeeding and the risk of developing autism spectrum disorders

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex
neurodevelopmental condition with rising prevalence
globally, including Pakistan. While genetic factors
substantially contribute to ASD risk, environmental and
early-life nutritional factors are also being investigated.
One such factor is infant feeding practices specifically
breastfeeding, its duration and exclusivity. Human breast
milk provides comprehensive protection via providing
essential nutrients with immune defence and
neurobiological regulation supporting optimal brain
development. Despite these benefits, breastfeeding rates
in Pakistan remain low. This mini-review explores the
existing literature on the potential link between
breastfeeding and ASD with a focus on epidemiological
evidence and underlying biological mechanisms. While
some studies suggest that breastfeeding may reduce the
risk of ASD, the evidence is inconclusive due to
methodological differences, recall bias, and cultural factors.
Data from low- and middle-income countries is lacking and
call for an urgent need for robust longitudinal research in
Pakistan to better study this association and guide costeffective
public health strategies.
Keywords: Autism, Childhood disability, Pakistan,
breastfeeding practices, developmental delay,
developing countries, LMIC