Does lifestyle behaviour trigger cardiovascular risk factors among school-going adolescents in Pakistan?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.6735Abstract
Objective: To explore the association of gender with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among adolescents.
Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted 2016-2019 in low-income schools in Karachi after approval from the ethics review board of Dow University of Health Sciences, and comprised adolescents of both genders aged 11-17 years. Anthropometric measurements and lifestyle behaviours were used to generate risk profile for cardiovascular diseases. Data was analysed using SPSS 16.
Results: Of the 1195 subjects, 468(39.2%) were boys and 727(60.8%) were girls. The mean age was 13.9±1.6 years. Mean family size was 5.9±3.64. Overall, 989(91.3%) participants consumed soft drinks, 44(4%) were smokers, 340(48.4%) consumed betel nut, 215(32.9%) Pan, 125(21.2%) Gutka and 9(1.7%) Bidi. Of the total, 867(83.3%) participants were physically less active than recommended, and daily screen time was >2 hours among 513(45.7%) participants. Body mass index and body fat percentage were significantly higher among girls (p<0.05). Higher rates of diastolic and systolic blood pressure and hand grip strength were observed in boys compared to girls (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Interventional programmes in schools should emphasise the need for healthy lifestyle behaviours, increased physical activity, good eating habits and smoking cessation.
Key Words: CVD risk factors, Adolescents, Lifestyle behaviours, Micronutrients, Pakistan.
References
Misra A, Tandon N, Ebrahim S, Sattar N, Alam D, Shrivastava U, et al. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease in South Asia: current status and future directions. 2017;357:j1420.
McGill HC J, McMahan CA, Gidding SS. Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. Circulation 2008;;117(9):1216-27.
Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Venn A, Dwyer T, Burns TL, Davis PH, et al. Influence of age on associations between childhood risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study, the Bogalusa Heart Study, and the Muscatine Study for the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. 2010;122(24):2514-20.
Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M, et al. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. 2021.
Abbs ES VJ, Alarcón JO, Johnson HM, Zunt JR. . High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Peruvian adolescents living in a peri-urban shantytown: a cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;;36(1):19.
Chung M, Balk EM, Ip S, Raman G, Yu WW, Trikalinos TA, et al. Reporting of systematic reviews of micronutrients and health: a critical appraisal. 2009;89(4):1099-113.
Bhutta ZA, Gazdar H, Haddad LJIB. Seeing the unseen: breaking the logjam of undernutrition in Pakistan. 2013;44(3):1-9.
Iqbal M, Ishaq M, Kazmi K, Yousuf F, Mehboobali N, Ali S, et al. Role of vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid on hyperhomocysteinemia in a Pakistani population of patients with acute myocardial infarction. 2005;15(2):100-8.
Paracha P, Bakht S, Paracha S, Vriesekoop F, Alam I, Din Z, et al. Nutritional status, dietary practices and physical activities of adolescents in public and private schools of Karachi, Pakistan. 2016;3(2):30-9.
Fernández I, Canet O, Giné-Garriga MJEJoP. Assessment of physical activity levels, fitness and perceived barriers to physical activity practice in adolescents: a cross-sectional study. 2017;176(1):57-65.
Prevention CfDCa. Defining Childhood Obesity. 2015.
Anuurad E, Shiwaku K, Nogi A, Kitajima K, Enkhmaa B, Shimono K, et al. The new BMI criteria for asians by the regional office for the western pacific region of WHO are suitable for screening of overweight to prevent metabolic syndrome in elder Japanese workers. 2003;45(6):335-43.
Xi B, Zong Xn, Kelishadi R, Litwin M, Hong YM, Poh BK, et al. International waist circumference percentile cutoffs for central obesity in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years. 2020;105(4):e1569-e83.
Zhang Y-X WS-R. Comparison of blood pressure levels among children and adolescents with different body mass index and waist circumference: study in a large sample in Shandong, China. European journal of nutrition. 2014;;53(2):627-34.
Ramírez-Vélez R, Morales O, Peña-Ibagon JC, Palacios-López A, Prieto-Benavides DH, Vivas A, et al. Normative reference values for handgrip strength in Colombian schoolchildren: the FUPRECOL study. 2017;31(1):217-26.
Jie M, Tian-you W, Ling-hui M, Guang-jin Z, Shao-mei H, Yan Z, et al. Development of blood pressure reference standards for Chinese children. 2010;5(1):4.
Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross RJTAjocn. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. 2004;79(3):379-84.
Zhang Y-X, Wang S-RJEjon. Comparison of blood pressure levels among children and adolescents with different body mass index and waist circumference: study in a large sample in Shandong, China. 2014;53(2):627-34.
Wells J, Hallal P, Reichert F, Menezes A, Araújo C, Victora CJIjoo. Sleep patterns and television viewing in relation to obesity and blood pressure: evidence from an adolescent Brazilian birth cohort. 2008;32(7):1042-9.
Mokha JS, Srinivasan SR, DasMahapatra P, Fernandez C, Chen W, Xu J, et al. Utility of waist-to-height ratio in assessing the status of central obesity and related cardiometabolic risk profile among normal weight and overweight/obese children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. 2010;10(1):1-7.
Kahn HS, Imperatore G, Cheng YJJTJop. A population-based comparison of BMI percentiles and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardiovascular risk in youth. 2005;146(4):482-8.
Cohen DD, Gómez-Arbeláez D, Camacho PA, Pinzon S, Hormiga C, Trejos-Suarez J, et al. Low muscle strength is associated with metabolic risk factors in Colombian children: the ACFIES study. 2014;9(4):e93150.
Abbs ES, Viñoles J, Alarcón JO, Johnson HM, Zunt JRJJoH, Population, Nutrition. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Peruvian adolescents living in a peri-urban shantytown: a cross-sectional study. 2017;36(1):19.
Basakhetre U, Jaiswal A, Deolia S, Sen S, Dawngliani M, Jaiswal AJJoDMIoMSU. Prevalence of tobacco use among school children reporting to the dental hospital for treatment. 2017;12(4):242.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
